Thyroid Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

thyroid gland gland gland Cancer - Research Paper ExampleOverall prevalence of bungholecer in nodule is 5-15% with reportedly luxuriouslyer occurrence rates in female (representing ratio of 31) and cured patients. National Cancer Institute reports about 56,000 cases of thyroid cancer in U.S each year (Norman, 2009). Thyroid carcinomas represent less than 1% of all human cancers with global incidence rates from 0.5-10% per 100,000 populations (IAEA, 2009) Risk Factors Studies reason that exposure to radiation, iodine intake, family history of thyroid cancer, chronic goiter etc are suspected a attempt factors for thyroid cancer (IAEA, 2009). Clinical Presentation Thyroid gland is actively involved in metabolic functions of the body and therefore, patients with thyroid malfunction present with wide range of symptoms. Generally the enlargements of gland either fathom or asymptomatic hard cursorily outgrowth nodule is major sign of thyroid cancer. However, the paygrade of these n odules as cancerous or benign is major concern (IAEA, 2009). former(a) symptoms may include cough, problem in swallowing, swelling in neck region, hoarsened voice, thyroid gland enlargement, morphological abnormality or calcification of thyroid etc. History and physical examination On physical examination, a hard rapidly growing nodule with swollen lymph nodes is observed. ... Radiological imaging of thyroid can be done through high resolution ultrasonography, thin section CT scan or MRI. Yet, the initial evaluation should be focussed on clinical history, physical examination, serum hormone levels further supported by FNA (IAEA, 2009). Thyroid ultrasound is widely used technique in diagnostics and reveals characteristics such as micro-calcifications, hypoechogenicity, irregular borders and intranodal blood bleed etc. These patterns increase the suspicion of malignancy however, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) should be utilized to assert diagnosis. FNAC is suggestively pe rformed on thyroid nodule of 1 cm on clinical presentation and family history (Pacini et al., 2010). Other tests to evaluate and classify thyroid cancer include thyroid biopsy and laryngoscopy. Types of Thyroid cancer Thyroid cancers can be classified into epithelial or non-epithelial. Epithelial malignant neoplasms originate from follicular or parafollicular C-cells, whereas, sarcomas and malignant lymphomas constitute non-epithelial tumors. 1. Follicular carcinoma is malignant tumors of epithelial cells that exhibit follicular cell differentiation. These represent about 25-40% of thyroid cancers. Follicular carcinomas can be classified into a. minimally invasive carcinomas excellent prognosis with 95% convalescence rate. b. Widely invasive carcinomas present excessive invasion of neoplasm of surrounding tissue. Prognosis is good with 20% reported mortality rate (IAEA, 2009). 2. Insular or poorly differentiated carcinomas arise from follicular cells rapidly converting into aggress ive neoplasm which later metastasizes to local and distant lymph nodes. Poor prognosis and higher mortality